Product Description
Dump Truck Tyre Factory 11r22.5 12r225 Llantas Radial Truck Tyres 12.00r20 295/80r22.5 315/80r22.5 11.00r20
China Top Tire Brands Factory Highway Tubeless Tyres 11r22.5 Trailer Drive Steer Tyre Radial Heavy Duty TBR Truck Bus Tire Manufacturer 12R22.5
| 1.Product display |
A.suitable for all wheels
B.Good traction and braking performance
C.Good durability, anti-puncturing.
D.Applied to road with good even poor conditions
MOQ: 1*20GP (mixed sizes are allowed)
Delivery: 7-25 days for a 20GP/40HQ
Package: each set with woven bag or plastic of paper.
Payment terms: 30% TT deposit, balance after loading.
WELCOME INQUIRY!
IF you need tire,please contact me for more information,good prices would be offered accordingly.
JOY CHEN
| 2.Factory Profile |
Sportrak Tire Group(S.T.G) is an integrated corporation specializing in developing, manufacturing & selling tires;ZheJiang Energy Group is our headquarter which is among the world TOP 500.
To deal with the situation of limited coal resources that used to be our main producing,now we are prioritizing the development of rubber industry with continued investment and acquisition of 2 large scale tire factories, 1 is a all-steel truck tire factory
(referred to as TBR factory) whose annual output is 3.6 million sets, the other is a semi-steel tire factory (referred to as PCR factory) with 20 million sets annual output. Meanwhile we have invested and built a rubber processing plant in Thailand with an annual output of 200,000 tons so as to secure the stable supply of the rubber raw material and its quality.
With the support of great power and technology, our TBR factory has built the national tire laboratory certified by CNAS and also owned the world advanced and China leading disposable mixing method, which has obtained the national technology award. We also have the advanced VMI molding machine and the professional producing and testing equipments which are imported from Europe and America, moreover we’ve adopted tZheJiang o technology in producing and processing.
Each tire has to go through hundreds of processing procedures before completed and put into the market since the very beginning of raw materials. Currently we have passed the TS16949, DOT, SONCAP ,E-Mark, INMETRO,GCC ,SNI and the ISO9001 quality system certification.The whole set of the tire technology we introduced and adopted is top of Europe; the main members of the technical team have working experience in well-known tire companies both at home and abroad and they are professional in construction design, formulation design and factory management.
SPORTRAK tire group takes SPORTRAK as leading brand to explore the domestic and foreign markets and we are engaged in production of green, environmental-protective and energy-saving tires. So far the product series range from entire series to multi-pattern and economical to high-performance, which accounted for 40% and 90% of our products are for export.
| 4.Exhibition |
| 5.Recommend Products |
| 6.Packing&Delivery |
| 7.FAQ |
1. How to ship?
1). FOB,CIF terms, we will effect shipment and furnish the master bill of lading issued by shipping line.
2). FOB items, buyer should nominated shipping line or shipping agency in China.
3). Shipped by train , we will discuss with buyer to get agreement on details.
2. How about the quality?
1). Best quality tires.
2). Best Parterns: Rubber from Malaysia & Thailand top-quality Natural and synthetic rubber.
3. How about the delivery?
If the products you need are all stock available, we will arrange shipment within 3-5 days, once receiving your down payment. If the products you need is out of stock, we will arrange production asap, normally, the shipment will be effected within 7-25 days.
4. How about the warranty?
Any tire with a complete serial number is covered against defects in workmanship and material for 2 YEARS from the date of purchase. After that time, the warranty is terminated.
Notice: The tire age calculated from the date of purchase, If the proof of purchase is not available, the tire date of manufacture will be applied.
| 8.Contact |
WELCOME INQUIRY:
Joy Chen
SPORTRAK TIRE GROUP LIMITED
Add: RM903.BLDG 3,NO.877 HangZhou WEST RD,HangZhou CHINA
How to Calculate Stiffness, Centering Force, Wear and Fatigue Failure of Spline Couplings
There are various types of spline couplings. These couplings have several important properties. These properties are: Stiffness, Involute splines, Misalignment, Wear and fatigue failure. To understand how these characteristics relate to spline couplings, read this article. It will give you the necessary knowledge to determine which type of coupling best suits your needs. Keeping in mind that spline couplings are usually spherical in shape, they are made of steel.
Involute splines
An effective side interference condition minimizes gear misalignment. When 2 splines are coupled with no spline misalignment, the maximum tensile root stress shifts to the left by 5 mm. A linear lead variation, which results from multiple connections along the length of the spline contact, increases the effective clearance or interference by a given percentage. This type of misalignment is undesirable for coupling high-speed equipment.
Involute splines are often used in gearboxes. These splines transmit high torque, and are better able to distribute load among multiple teeth throughout the coupling circumference. The involute profile and lead errors are related to the spacing between spline teeth and keyways. For coupling applications, industry practices use splines with 25 to 50-percent of spline teeth engaged. This load distribution is more uniform than that of conventional single-key couplings.
To determine the optimal tooth engagement for an involved spline coupling, Xiangzhen Xue and colleagues used a computer model to simulate the stress applied to the splines. The results from this study showed that a “permissible” Ruiz parameter should be used in coupling. By predicting the amount of wear and tear on a crowned spline, the researchers could accurately predict how much damage the components will sustain during the coupling process.
There are several ways to determine the optimal pressure angle for an involute spline. Involute splines are commonly measured using a pressure angle of 30 degrees. Similar to gears, involute splines are typically tested through a measurement over pins. This involves inserting specific-sized wires between gear teeth and measuring the distance between them. This method can tell whether the gear has a proper tooth profile.
The spline system shown in Figure 1 illustrates a vibration model. This simulation allows the user to understand how involute splines are used in coupling. The vibration model shows 4 concentrated mass blocks that represent the prime mover, the internal spline, and the load. It is important to note that the meshing deformation function represents the forces acting on these 3 components.
Stiffness of coupling
The calculation of stiffness of a spline coupling involves the measurement of its tooth engagement. In the following, we analyze the stiffness of a spline coupling with various types of teeth using 2 different methods. Direct inversion and blockwise inversion both reduce CPU time for stiffness calculation. However, they require evaluation submatrices. Here, we discuss the differences between these 2 methods.
The analytical model for spline couplings is derived in the second section. In the third section, the calculation process is explained in detail. We then validate this model against the FE method. Finally, we discuss the influence of stiffness nonlinearity on the rotor dynamics. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We present a simple yet effective method for estimating the lateral stiffness of spline couplings.
The numerical calculation of the spline coupling is based on the semi-analytical spline load distribution model. This method involves refined contact grids and updating the compliance matrix at each iteration. Hence, it consumes significant computational time. Further, it is difficult to apply this method to the dynamic analysis of a rotor. This method has its own limitations and should be used only when the spline coupling is fully investigated.
The meshing force is the force generated by a misaligned spline coupling. It is related to the spline thickness and the transmitting torque of the rotor. The meshing force is also related to the dynamic vibration displacement. The result obtained from the meshing force analysis is given in Figures 7, 8, and 9.
The analysis presented in this paper aims to investigate the stiffness of spline couplings with a misaligned spline. Although the results of previous studies were accurate, some issues remained. For example, the misalignment of the spline may cause contact damages. The aim of this article is to investigate the problems associated with misaligned spline couplings and propose an analytical approach for estimating the contact pressure in a spline connection. We also compare our results to those obtained by pure numerical approaches.
Misalignment
To determine the centering force, the effective pressure angle must be known. Using the effective pressure angle, the centering force is calculated based on the maximum axial and radial loads and updated Dudley misalignment factors. The centering force is the maximum axial force that can be transmitted by friction. Several published misalignment factors are also included in the calculation. A new method is presented in this paper that considers the cam effect in the normal force.
In this new method, the stiffness along the spline joint can be integrated to obtain a global stiffness that is applicable to torsional vibration analysis. The stiffness of bearings can also be calculated at given levels of misalignment, allowing for accurate estimation of bearing dimensions. It is advisable to check the stiffness of bearings at all times to ensure that they are properly sized and aligned.
A misalignment in a spline coupling can result in wear or even failure. This is caused by an incorrectly aligned pitch profile. This problem is often overlooked, as the teeth are in contact throughout the involute profile. This causes the load to not be evenly distributed along the contact line. Consequently, it is important to consider the effect of misalignment on the contact force on the teeth of the spline coupling.
The centre of the male spline in Figure 2 is superposed on the female spline. The alignment meshing distances are also identical. Hence, the meshing force curves will change according to the dynamic vibration displacement. It is necessary to know the parameters of a spline coupling before implementing it. In this paper, the model for misalignment is presented for spline couplings and the related parameters.
Using a self-made spline coupling test rig, the effects of misalignment on a spline coupling are studied. In contrast to the typical spline coupling, misalignment in a spline coupling causes fretting wear at a specific position on the tooth surface. This is a leading cause of failure in these types of couplings.
Wear and fatigue failure
The failure of a spline coupling due to wear and fatigue is determined by the first occurrence of tooth wear and shaft misalignment. Standard design methods do not account for wear damage and assess the fatigue life with big approximations. Experimental investigations have been conducted to assess wear and fatigue damage in spline couplings. The tests were conducted on a dedicated test rig and special device connected to a standard fatigue machine. The working parameters such as torque, misalignment angle, and axial distance have been varied in order to measure fatigue damage. Over dimensioning has also been assessed.
During fatigue and wear, mechanical sliding takes place between the external and internal splines and results in catastrophic failure. The lack of literature on the wear and fatigue of spline couplings in aero-engines may be due to the lack of data on the coupling’s application. Wear and fatigue failure in splines depends on a number of factors, including the material pair, geometry, and lubrication conditions.
The analysis of spline couplings shows that over-dimensioning is common and leads to different damages in the system. Some of the major damages are wear, fretting, corrosion, and teeth fatigue. Noise problems have also been observed in industrial settings. However, it is difficult to evaluate the contact behavior of spline couplings, and numerical simulations are often hampered by the use of specific codes and the boundary element method.
The failure of a spline gear coupling was caused by fatigue, and the fracture initiated at the bottom corner radius of the keyway. The keyway and splines had been overloaded beyond their yield strength, and significant yielding was observed in the spline gear teeth. A fracture ring of non-standard alloy steel exhibited a sharp corner radius, which was a significant stress raiser.
Several components were studied to determine their life span. These components include the spline shaft, the sealing bolt, and the graphite ring. Each of these components has its own set of design parameters. However, there are similarities in the distributions of these components. Wear and fatigue failure of spline couplings can be attributed to a combination of the 3 factors. A failure mode is often defined as a non-linear distribution of stresses and strains.
